The Behavioral Approaches Of Counseling - 2440 Words

Oftentimes, before some individuals enter the field of counseling or decide to educate themselves about the role and tactics a counselor uses to make successful changes within their client, there is the idea that all counselors use the same approach and that the style varies based on how the counselor decides to tackle the issues. Learning that there are many different approaches and styles in which a counselor can help their clients was extremely eye opening for me. While reading the different approaches it was only natural for me to think about what approaches I would want to use as a counselor and what would best suit both the client and me. The first approach I found interesting was the Cognitive Behavioral Approaches. The Cognitive Behavioral Approaches consist of behavior therapy, rational emotive behavioral therapy (REBT), cognitive therapy, and reality therapy. Active participation from both the client and the therapist is a key characteristic to all of these approaches. Alon gside active participation, other characteristics they share is the idea that the psychological distress faced is mainly due to the disturbances in the cognitive process, a set time frame as well as educational treatment that is aimed directly at the problem, and lastly an emphasis on changing the way one thinks in order to see the changes their behavior that they are striving for. Cognitive behavioral therapies are amongst some of the most widely used approaches. Although all of the approachesShow MoreRelatedPsychology Methods1267 Words   |  6 Pagestherapies used in psychology. The approaches are known as the Client-Centered Approach and the Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. They are both used daily, world-wide, and can be seen in different ways. In psychology, the use of therapy, approaches, and techniques are used all the time. The client-centered model is all about the clients themselves and the cognitive behavioral therapy relies on direct counseling tools to control and guide the client. Cognitive behavioral therapy is more short-term treatmentRead MoreRole of Cognition in Counseling1589 Words   |  7 PagesROLE OF COGNITION IN COUNSELING TABLE OF CONTENT. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 Cognitive therapy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4 Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4 Characteristics of cognitive-behavioral therapy†¦.5 Virtual Reality Therapy...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 Rational Emotive Therapy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 Transactional ANALYSIS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...8 conlusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..9 reference†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 Role of cognition in counseling Introduction CognitiveRead MoreBehavioral Intervention Strategies For Alcohol Abuse1475 Words   |  6 Pages Behavioral Intervention Strategies for Alcohol Abuse Andrew J. Leonard Midland University There is no doubt that college campuses are filled with alcohol and parties. Many students engage in alcohol consumption and some also use drugs. Although alcohol use is widely accepted in the college student population there are intervention plans attempting to limit alcohol consumption to protect students from the negative consequences associated with alcohol abuse. This is a compilationRead MoreEffective Approaches to Counseling Essay example959 Words   |  4 Pagesis no particular principle decision-making model that is most efficient, counselors are required to be recognizable with a trustworthy model of decision making that can tolerate public inquiry and submission. There are literally hundreds of counseling approaches ranging from basic active listening and a solution focus to the seemingly out of the ordinary. As a generally rule, it is wise to search for a well-skilled and licensed counselor whose method is largely decided not by what they do, but by whatRead MoreCogni tive, Cognitive Behavioral, and Reality Theory929 Words   |  4 PagesCognitive, Cognitive Behavioral and Reality Theory ï ¿ ½ PAGE * MERGEFORMAT ï ¿ ½1ï ¿ ½ Cognitive, Cognitive Behavioral, and Reality Theory PCN 500 Cognitive, Cognitive Behavioral, and Reality Theory Overview There are many definitions of counseling, but most share the same idea: it is when one person helps another. To me counseling represents one word more than any other: Change. One person is unhappy with some area of their life and wants it to change while the other person helps to facilitate that changeRead MoreAlcohol Abuse Intervention Strategies For College Students1410 Words   |  6 Pagespre-drinking (Caudwell, Mullan, Hagger, 2016, p. 1). Electronic interventions were also a mentioned method. One case study utilized an alternative counseling protocol with a combination of a brief intervention strategy as well. Behavioral counseling interventions seem to be the most widely used whether it be a brief intervention or a one on one counseling session through a few weeks. Brief Interventions Amaro, Reed, Rowe, Picci, Mantella, and Prado (2010) suggest that a promising intervention mayRead Morebshs 455 week 4 lt outline treatment approaches Essay839 Words   |  4 PagesTreatment Approaches team BSHS/455 September 14, 2014 Kim Chosie Outline for Treatment Approaches There are types of approaches to help an individual with recovering from drug and substance abuse. The approaches that are being looked at to help someone recover is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET), Medication Management, Community Reinforcement Approach (CRA), and Community Reinforcement and Family Training Approach (CRAFT). Cognitive-Behavioral TherapyRead MoreReflection Paper989 Words   |  4 PagesPaper PCN 500 July 26, 2010 Lynn Lunceford, Psy.D. Holly Willis A counseling theory has certain qualities, such as clear operational definitions so that it can be tested further. To be most useful, a counseling theory should be parsimonious yet comprehensive enough to include known related empirical findings. It should stimulate new discoveries and predict events deductively within its purview and preview. A counseling theory also should serve an organizing and explaining function for observedRead MoreThe Gestalt, Behavioral, Cognitive Behavior And Reality Therapy833 Words   |  4 Pageswhen working with veterans and the cognitive behavioral approach was the most influential, but also most empirically researched approach dealing with this disorder. This paper provided a wealth of information on the applicability to future use and also get a reference as to which approaches seem most suitable to our own counseling style. These past two weeks we have covered some great theories based on psychotherapy, and the many approaches to each. The theorist that will be discussedRead MoreIntegrated Approach For Counseling And Counseling1653 Words   |  7 PagesIntegrated approach to counseling is when you combined theories to cover the clients’ feelings, cognitive patterns, and behavior (Corey, Theory and Practice of Counseling and Pschotherapy 8e, 2009). Each theory focuses one of these key components of a client but in counseling you need to focus on each of these to fully help a client. The key to integrative counseling is to have multiple theories function in harmony (Corey, Theory and Practice of Counseling and Pschotherapy 8e, 2009). Psychotherapy

Sigmund Freud and Alfred Adler - 1426 Words

Both Sigmund Freud and Alfred Adler were pioneers and both had a phenomenal impact on the world of psychology. However, while they were raised in the same era, came from the same city and were educated at the same university, they had decidedly different views regarding personality theories (Schultz, 1990, p. 120). Freud and Adler were both colleagues in the psychoanalytic movement that Freud started. However, because of personality differences and vastly contrasting views about personality theories (Mosak Maniacci, 1999, p.6) Adler left to begin his own faction, which he called Individual Psychology. It is my intention to briefly describe the main areas of their theories, compare and contrast their ideas of personality development, explore what types of experiences contributes to unhealthy development and what types of interventions they would have each prescribed to patients experiencing difficulties in their lives. However, while both Freud and Adler continue to influence man y areas of contemporary personality psychology, only one of them can truly be called a humanitarian. Personality Development Freud believed that an individual’s personality is formed through five psychosexual developmental stages. The oral stage which is formed in the first year of life is preoccupied with oral activities. The anal stage involves bowel function and control, and occurs during the second year of life. The phallic stage which occurs at approximately the third year to the fifthShow MoreRelatedSigmund Freud And Alfred Adler1867 Words   |  8 Pagesthe fundamental theory established by Sigmund Freud and Alfred Adler. The areas of study for the theories they established were in personality and mental health. Sigmund Freud established the stages of personality and aspects of the human mind. Alfred Adler studied the individual as a whole. Their theories were quite different, but their main conflict was over the influence of sexuality in the human mind. Compare and Contrast: Sigmund Freud and Alfred Adler Two of the well known and respected namesRead MoreThe Personality Theories Of Sigmund Freud And Alfred Adler999 Words   |  4 Pagestheories of Sigmund Freud and Alfred Adler. Within this paper, the background of the theorist will be discussed along with personality theories. This paper will also provide description some of the major principles of personality theories to include lifespan personality changes, gender and culture. The last section will be a personal opinion, why and conclusion of the theories how it can be conceptualized regarding my own family situation. History Over the years every time you hear the Sigmund FreudRead MoreSigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, C.J. Jung and William James Essay2117 Words   |  9 PagesSigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, C.J. Jung and William James were all brilliant and diverse theorists who made vast contributions to the science of psychological studies. These brilliant minds fueled the psychological studies of future theorists with their contrasting theoretical approaches and discoveries. At times, they collaborated to formulate concepts and understandings but separated because of conceptual disputes. Freud’s psychoanalysis theory was at the epicenter of some studies but these menRead MoreTheoretical Views Essay1698 Words   |  7 Pagesin history of psychology such as; Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, Carl Jung, and William James. Each psychologist’s mentioned has proposed their own reasoning behind the psychological functions and causes of human behavior. Each doctor of psychology has their own perspect ive as to why a person behaves the way that they do. Take Sigmund Freud for instance, he believed the unconscious mind had a strong influence on human behavior. (Cherry, 2011). According to Freud, the unconscious continues to influenceRead MoreEssay on Theoretical Positions of Jung, Adler, and Freud1471 Words   |  6 Pagesquantify and validate early structuralist perspectives in psychology, early functionalists were hard at work developing theories that were more qualitative in nature. Although not directly associated with the functionalism movement, Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, and William James were clearly most concerned with how psychology could improve the lives of the individual and less inclined to laboratory research. Through each psychologist’s theory, the underlying tone is how one can identifyRead MoreThe Theory Of Personality Psychology1019 Words   |  5 Pagesstarted from Hippocrates’ theory that argues that personality traits are based on four different sections. This heavily influenced modern personality psychology. Three important psychologists helped shape the way humans define the term personality. Alfred Adler is one of these psychologists. Alder had a tendency to change his theory on personality throughout his life, but he believed that people are focused on maintaining control over their lives. He believed in single drive or motivating force behindRead MorePsychological And Social Aspects Of Psychological Criticism1660 Words   |  7 Pagesof mind of the characters, and the aims of the author. Freud (1856–1939) depicts a diagram to explain the system of psychological internal work. This plan is a â€Å"topographical† map that classifies thought into three sorts: conscious, preconscious and unconscious. Later, he assumes the latter as a basic introduction to his theory. In turn, his schemes consider three contradictory forces: the biological, psychological and social aspects. Freud argues that human behavior is controlled by two things:Read MorePsychoanalytic Psychology : Psychoanalytic Personality Assessment1427 Words   |  6 Pagestrial, and error, have made psychology into the discipline that it has become today. Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, and Alfred Adler are just a few scholars that have helped psychology become the science studied today. One must remember that these men are psychologists, yet they all possessed very different views and theories from one another. Sigmund Freud Probably one of the best known psychologist’s is Sigmund Freud; he has been the most influential on psychodynamic ideas. His psychodynamic therapyRead More250 Week 2 Psycho963 Words   |  4 Pagestheorists such as Sigmund Freud, Carl G. Jung, and Alfred Adler all developed their theories to describe personality. To better understand the mentioned theorist’s beliefs it is necessary to compare and contrast the various psychoanalytic theories characteristics as well as to make mention of the portions that are agreeable or disagreeable. Also, the stages of Sigmund Freuds theory and Freudian defense mechanisms will be conversed. Comparison and Contrast of Psychoanalytical Theories Freud, Jung, andRead MoreThe Theory Of Psychoanalysis On The Unconscious Phases Of Personality Development1130 Words   |  5 Pagesdetermine their personality patterns later in life. And lastly, Sigmund Freud postulated that Personality consists of id, ego, and superego. This, in turn, is subdivided into ages and stages, from birth through to adolescent age. The theory of Psychoanalysis was propounded by Sir Sigmund Freud in 1896. However, this was not the date of conceptualization. The theory of Psychoanalysis was developed between 1856 and 1939. In 1896 Sigmund Freud made public his theory of psychoanalysis for the first time

Project Management and Program Office free essay sample

Federal Radar On the morning of November 14, Sharon Taylor, Space Warning Network (SPAWN) Program Manager, was getting ready for a private meeting with Paul Shaifer, President of the Federal Rader Corporation (FedRad). Mr. Shaifer had scheduled the meeting to discuss the problems that had plagued the company’s important SPAWN Program during its first year and a half. These problems, which included unauthorized design changes and Taylor’s inability to control the program’s cost, schedule, and technical performance, had contributed to a cost overrun and schedule delay, estimated at 30% and four months respectively, and a general loss of customer confidence. The Federal Radar Corporation Since its founding, FedRad had been pre-eminent in the radar field. FedRad’s scientists and engineers were prominent figures in the development of radar and, over the years, the name â€Å"FedRad† was synonymous with technical excellence in building radar equipment. Financial success had rewarded the company’s technical skills in the production of surface, navigational, and fire control radar equipment for the military services and large prime contractors. In recent years, however, sales, employment, and profits had declined appreciably as heavy competition reduced FedRad’s contract capture rate. During the years, FedRad’s largest customer by a substantial margin was the Navy. Air Force business was growing rapidly, however, and FedRad thought it might eventually equal the Navy’s volume. The SPAWN Program accounted for most of the company’s Air Force business and was the largest single program in-house. The Space Warning Network (SPAWN) FedRad won the SPAWN prime contract 18 months ago. SPAWN was an advanced warning system to detect, tract, and report weapons fired from space. The SPAWN radar subsystem required several advances over earlier radar systems because of unique scanning and tracking problems. The other major subsystems were similar to those of existing manned aircraft and missile warning systems, but the performance and reliability requirements for the system as a whole were considerably more stringent because successful reaction to a space attack requires an extremely fast and accurate response. Although FedRad had always made significant contribution to radar’s state-of-the-art, most of the radar equipment it had developed prior to the SPAWN Program was based on the same fundamental principles. In addition, the major portion of its contracts had required only the redesign and improvement of existing components to meet new specifications. Consequently, the company was able to follow a management approach characterized by functional groups (e. g. , engineering, marketing, purchasing), performing traditional tasks. Although program coordination existed, there was very little centralized control over a total program. FedRad first departed from its traditional approach to organization when the company won the SPAWN contract. To win the competition, FedRad had descried a SPAWN Program Office in its management proposal. There were two reasons for this departure from tradition: first, the recent loss of a key Navy contract, primarily because of an unsatisfactory management proposal and second, the Air Force’s current attitude toward contractors’ management organizations and procedures. Establishing Program Management for the SPAWN Proposal Upon winning the SPAWN contract, Paul Shaifer announced the appointment of Colonel Brian Emery (USAF, Retired), formally Assistant Deputy Commander for Systems and Logistics, Air Force Systems Command, to the newly created position of Special Assistant to the President for Management. At the same time, Sharon Taylor, formerly Ordnance Fabrication Shop Supervisor, was appointed to be the SPAWN Program Manager. Victor Towell became the new Vice President, Programs. He was 48 and had been with FedRad for 25 years. He also assisted the Marketing Department in its efforts to identify and capture new business in a variety of positions (see Exhibit 1). These individuals were given the charge to establish the actual SPAWN Program Office Organization. Soon after the contract award, Emery and Taylor developed a long and complete description of the SPAWN Program Office which called for a staff of 20 people reporting to Taylor. Emery and Taylor presented the new organization to key Engineering, Manufacturing, Purchasing, and Marketing Departments personnel. Their attempt to solicit support for the new SPAWN Program Office was a complete failure. Most functional managers vigorously resisted the concept that a centralized program organization should have overall responsibility for a program’s technical, cost, and schedule elements. â€Å"Technical integration has always been performed by the Engineering Department,† declared Charles Greggson, â€Å"and, as far as I am concerned, always will. I plan to appoint a Program Engineer, the staff administrator we traditionally use to monitor program activities. This person will handle the Program Office’s contracts with Engineering and I’ll conduct my own Engineering budgeting and scheduling. I think your proposed provision that all customer contract be conducted through the Program Office is unnecessary and unworkable. † The Purchasing Department resented the appointment of a subcontracts manager and felt that anything this manager would do directly with the subcontractors was a violation of their prerogatives. The Marketing Department opposed the idea that Taylor should play a major role in the marketing effort and should becomes acquainted with both the Air Force SPO Director and higher-level military and DOD officials. Otherwise, they favored a strong Program Office because they felt the Air Force desired it. Emery and Taylor presented and discussed the new organization on many occasions during the next three weeks. Each presentation led to lengthy arguments and terminated in disagreement. At this point, Emery was assigned to another task. Consequently, establishing an operational SPAWN Program Office was left entirely to Taylor. When the actual engineering work was to being, Taylor had been able to secure, for her office, only five people from the Engineering Department. These people were responsible for technical management and program control. Greggson refused to give Taylor additional engineers. Taylor was able to obtain from other departments one person to perform manufacturing liaison work and another to act as Subcontracts Manager. She hired two Program Control people. Taylor felt insecure about her organizational support as SPAWN moved into high gear. Her feeling was borne out during the next six months. By January of this year, the SPAWN Program was two months behind schedule and a cost overrun of from 10-25% was projected. The problems leading to the January situation are described below. Technical Management Problems The Program Office’s technical management team consisted of George McTavish, Technical Manager, Phillip Hsu, Technical Manager, and Peter Kolman, Systems Integration Coordinator. All three men remained on the Engineering Department payroll. McTavish was assigned 80% to the Program Office. Hsu was assigned 100% to the Program Office and reported directly to McTavish. Kolman worked with the Program Office as necessary but continued to report to his Engineering Department superior. It became apparent that the Program Office was technical manager in name only. The Engineering Department’s technical integration action continued to perform the same functions it traditionally had performed for Air Force representatives without going through the Program Office explaining, when questioned by Taylor, that channeling technical communications through a third organization only confused matters. In two instances, Taylor learned about unauthorized design changes would result in improved technical performance, Taylor doubted that the improvements would justify the schedule delay and cost increase. She learned that FedRad engineers had obtained informal approval for the changes from lower-level Air Force engineers, but she was not certain that the SPO Director would approve funding for the changes. Program Control Problems Taylor’s program control team consisted of Mary Brody, Program Control Manager, and Frank Gonzales, PERT Supervisor. Both were assigned full time to the Program Office. Although they had experience in program planning and cost analysis, neither had prior experience with PERT networking (an approach to managing costs and schedules). The description of the work breakdown structure and PERT network, both of which were included in teh SPAWN proposal, had been prepared by Anatole Kalmis, a Project Administrator in the Engineering Department. Kalmis had worked with Taylor and the Marketing Department during proposal preparation, but was recalled to handle detailed networking and changes full time for the Engineering Department after the program began. As defined in the SPAWN management proposal, Brody and Gonzales were responsible for PERT, which included maintaining the work breakdown structure and master plans, revising and up-dating the PERT networks; preparing system output reports, such as Management Summary Reports; and recommending corrective action for problems revealed by the reports. During the first months of the program, however, their roles were reduced to monitoring the actual planning and control work conducted within the Engineering Department and trying to integrate this information into the total program plan. These plans encompassed the other FedRad departments and contractors of major subsystems. Several incidents occurring between June and January had created problems for the Program Office. In one case, Gonzales was not informed of a network revision made by the Engineering Department to reflect a schedule slippage caused by a shortage of engineers. This revision was discovered only shortly before a set of drawings was scheduled to go to the computer subcontractor. As a result, the subcontractor’s schedule also was delayed and several engineers were placed on idle time. On another occasion, FedRad engineers had provided Air Force representatives with work breakdown charts detailed below the level furnished by the Program Office. The SPO Engineering Deputy had a question regarding the charts and called Taylor to inquire about it. He ascertained in short order that Taylor was both unaware of the charts in question and uninformed about the overall status of the engineering effort. Following this incident, the SPO officer developed the habit of contracting FedRad engineers directly to obtain information. Subcontractor Management Problems FedRad had three SPAWN subcontractors for the major computer subsystems and the smaller display subsystem. The subcontracted portion represented about 45% of total contract dollars. All three subsystems were closely interdependent and were expected to meet stringent quality and reliability requirements. Of the three, FedRad previously had worked with only the computer subcontractor. Kay Hollis, assigned 50% as Program Office Subsystems Manager, was responsible for monitoring and analyzing subcontractor performance. The Purchasing Department was responsible for all contractual, price, and delivery matters. George Dierden, Purchasing Department Manager, had made it clear during the proposal effort that his organization was fully competent to negotiate with vendors, and had promised to object if any unnecessary duplication or interference by the Program Office came to his attention. Taylor had several problems involving subcontractor management during the June-January period. The most significant of these was a series of revised proposals submitted by the communications subcontractor during negotiations with Purchasing. As of January, requirements changes had escalated contract costs by 15% and the contract still had not been finalized. An additional group of 25 Engineering Change Proposals were awaiting approval by the FedRad Engineering Department, following which they would be negotiated by Purchasing. Another difficulty involved the display subcontractor. The terms of that subcontract had not defined a specific set of management and control procedures, and the subcontractor’s procedures were very difficult to translate accurately into categories useful to FedRad. As a result, Hollis was unable to monitor the display program’s status, or even to identify the single person in the subcontractor’s organization who could talk knowledgeably with her. George Dierden refused to help Hollis, stating that since the contracts people had affirmed to him the subcontractor’s intention and ability to meet requirements, he saw no need for additional information. The Program Office Staff Increase By January, Taylor felt that she had lost control of SPAWN program. Consequently, she described her problems to Paul Shaifer and asked Shaifer to take some action which would increase her effectiveness as Program Manager. Shaifer responded by securing the release of several additional people to the Program Office. Two of these people were appointed to the previously vacant positions of Logistics and Field Support Manager and Quality Assurance Manager. Others provided additional support to the Program Control and Technical Managers. With her staff increased to 13 people, Taylor felt better prepared to face her responsibilities, which were now focused on the Air Force acceptance testing of the first prototype unit, scheduled for August. By early March, Taylor was able to report that her expanded staff had given her substantially greater control over the program. This improved control, however, was largely brought about by better liaison and information-gathering capability. The actual role of the Program Office remained the same, since the functional mangers still were reluctant to yield those responsibilities, which through years of experience, they were confident they could discharge effectively. Further Problems Taylor’s new feeling of control soon vanished. Early in April, she saw a FedRad technical memorandum referring to a significant design change in the Translator Module, a highly sophisticated component linking the radar sensing unit with the computer subsystem. The change surprised her because she had thought the Translator design was finalized at the beginning of the program. Any change in the Translator concerned her because it constituted the interface between the radar and computer subsystems. In addition to the expense of the change itself, any change might have significant impact on those subsystems. A second problem arose. It became apparent that FedRad would be unable to meet the deadline for the Air Force acceptance tests of the first prototype unit, originally scheduled for August. During the summer, the anticipated test date was delayed successively to September, November, and then December. Taylor declared that the inaccurate projections were due to the fact that delays in the end-item completion were reported to her at the last minute. The slippage was accompanied by a projected cost overrun of 30% which, Taylor assured the customer, could be reduced to about 5% by anticipated shortcuts in the development of the second prototype unit. Colonel Grace, the Air Force manager of the SPAWN program, was pessimistic and displeased. He told Taylor that he regarded the Translator redesign to be a waste of money and the cost overruns and schedule slippages to be unacceptable. In October, Grace wrote to Colonel Emery, and old Air Force friend. Among other things, Grace wrote, â€Å"I’m worried about persistent slippages and I’m under pressure from my superiors. My position is sensitive because it is apparent that I should have stepped in and put tighter controls on FedRad months ago. Please try to do something about FedRad at your end†. Shaifer’s Meeting with Taylor Emery passed Colonel Grace’s letter along to Shaifer. Shaifer contacted Taylor and arranged a meeting for the morning of November 14. He suggested that Taylor prepare a list of the changes she wanted in staff, organization, procedures, and any mother areas she believed necessary to making SPAWN’s program management a success. Shaifer said he would do the same and ended the conversation with the comment, â€Å"Maybe between the two of us we can come up with a plan of action that will really work! President Paul Shaifer Special Assistant to the President for Program Management Brian Emery C o r p o r a t e S t a f f Vice-president Programs Victor Towell Vice-president Engineering Charles Greggson Vice-president Finance and Control Melinda Brodlin Vice-president Marketing Kim Parker Vice-president Manufacturing Carson Patel Purchasing Manager George Dierden SPAWN Program Mana ger Sharon Taylor EXHIBIT 1. Federal Radar Corporation Organization Chart

Financial Institution for J.P Morgan Chase Bank - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theFinancial Institution for J.P Morgan Chase Bank. Answer: Credit Risk Measures of J.P Morgan Chase Bank and PNC Bank Credit risk management functions in association with the business sections in recognising and evaluating the exposures across every line of business. J.P Morgan Chase Bank The measurement of credit in J.P Morgan Chase Bank is based on the potentiality of default of counterparty; the loss in the severity provided an event that is default. There are various measures that are undertaken by the company in order to mitigate the credit risk that would be beneficial for the development of the organization in the global economy. The various credit risk measures that have been undertaken by J.P Morgan Chase have been given below: Scored exposure The scored portfolio is specifically kept in CCB and is inclusive of the residential real estate loans along with the loans related to credit cards, various business banking and auto loans and student loans. In this kind of portfolio, the estimates of credit loss is based on the statistical evaluation of the credit losses over the period of 2012 to 2015 and are computed with the help of the portfolio modelling, decision support mechanism, credit scoring which looks in to loan extent factors like the credit scores, collateral values and various other risks (Read.uberflip.com. 2017). The credit loss factors and the evaluation are upgraded on a quarterly basis and with respect to the situations as the market dictates. Risk-rated exposure These kind of portfolios are generally held in CIB, AM and CB and are even inclusive of the auto dealer loans and the business banking loans that are kept in CCB which are risk related as they have the features that are identical to the commercial loans. In this kind of exposures the credit losses are anticipated are dependent on the default probability and the severity of the losses (Bluhm, Overbeck and Wagner 2016). The assumptions and the calculation are reliant on the management information system and the methodologies that are always under continuous scrutiny. These are the measures that have been undertaken by J.P Morgan Chase Bank. PNC Bank The credit risk measures of PNC Bank have been integrated into the entire organization risks management governance model. The overall credit system of PNC includes widespread credit policies, underwriting that is judgmental and statistical in nature, detailed and frequent risk modelling and measurement, credit training program that is extensive and a continuous review of the loan (Friewald, Wagner and Zechner 2014). The management of PNC looks to create and maintain a loan portfolio that would permit it in order to meet their strategic goals of return by remaining within their appetite of risk (Phx.corporate-ir.net 2017). The constituent of the credit risk management model has been credit concentration process of PNC with the help of which the organization maintains a restriction and supervises the credit exposure with the help of customers, industry and product etc. The risk concentrations are managed with the help of loan participations with the loan sales and third parties. PNC ha s even established guidelines for antisocial and non-performing loans, total borrower exposures and various other measures of credit to supervise the risk. It has been observed that there has been a significant level of changes in the risk taking nature of the organizations due to the rise in competition in the market and changes in the economy as well. The banks have increased their risk taking abilities because with the advent of time various new guidelines and credit risk measuring models have been framed in order to monitor and mitigate the risk. Reference List Bluhm, C., Overbeck, L. and Wagner, C., 2016. Introduction to credit risk modeling. Crc Press. Friewald, N., Wagner, C. and Zechner, J., 2014. The Cross?Section of Credit Risk Premia and Equity Returns. The Journal of Finance, 69(6), pp.2419-2469. Phx.corporate-ir.net. 2017. IR Solutions | Investor Relations Management | Nasdaq. [online] Available at: https://phx.corporate-ir.net [Accessed 31 Aug. 2017]. Read.uberflip.com. 2017. Log in to your account - Uberflip. [online] Available at: https://read.uberflip.com [Accessed 31 Aug. 2017].

To Be Or Not To Be... A Knight Essays - Literature, Cephalophores

To Be Or Not To Be... A Knight To Be or Not To Be?. A knight To be or not to be? a Knight truly is the question presented through this story, which is a tale of Gawains trials and tribulations on his journey to the Green Chapel. First, before acknowledging Gawain as being or not being a knight, one must first know what a knight is. In reference to the Pentangle a knight or Gawain must be: ? first, he was faultless in his five senses, Nor found ever to fail in his five fingers, And all his fealty was fixed upon the five wounds That Christ got on the cross, as the creed tells; ? That all his force was founded on the five joys That the high Queen of heaven had in her child. ? The fifth of the five fives followed by the knight Were beneficence boundless and brotherly love And pure mind and manners, that none might impeach, And compassion most precious-these peerless five Were forged and made fast in him, foremost of men. (Ll. 640-655) This excerpt from Sir Gawain and the Green Knight demonstrates on what a knight should be when looked upon from the Pentangle mode of being a knight. What pertain to the Natural/Real Realm would be the five senses and five fingers. The five senses part is used to gain knowledge of the world and worldly wage. The five fingers are the deeds that are done. What pertain to the Religious, Spiritual, Christian Realm would be the faith in the five wounds of Christ would be Fealty and Force. Fealty is the faithfulness in the five wounds of Christ. Force or the force in battle is inspired by the five joys of Mary. What pertain to the Chivalric Realm are Beneficence, Brotherly Love & Truth, Pure Mind, Manners, and Pite. Beneficence pertains to the generosity that the knight bestows. Brotherly Love & Truth pertains to the fellowship and truth in which the knight bestows. Pure Mind pertains to the chastity that the knight shows through his encounters with women and their temptations. Manners per tains to the courtesy that the knight shows to the people that he comes upon. Pite, or piety, pertains to the compassion that the knight shows when he encounters different situations. (GP) The narrator defines Gawain as being: ? in good works, as gold unalloyed, devoid of all villainy, with virtues adorned in sight. (Ll. 633-635) This basically states that he was a model of a good guy. He kept himself out of trouble, we know this by reason of the narrator stating that Gawain was the Devoid of all villainy. This statement says that Gawain is lacking in any sort of evil. It seems to be that the Green Knight symbolically represents a villainous being that crashes in on a party to play a medieval Russian Roulette. In doing so causes an upheaval among the Knights of the Round Table. The Green Knight storms in and asks someone to chop his head off. At this part of the story it seems quite questionable as to his reasons for doing so. Gawain responds to the beheading game challenge in a humble, yet heroic sense. After the Green Knight barges into King Arthur's court and criticizes the Knights of the Round Table saying, Where is now your arrogance and your awesome deeds? for all cower and quake?(l. 87, 91) The Green Knight is now saying that the Knights of the Round Table are cowards. He is calling them out. The only one to accept the challenge is Arthur strictly to show that he is not a coward. Just as Arthur is about to decapitate the Green Knight Gawain speaks up and says, I beseech, before all here, that this melee may be mine. (l. 115-116) Here Gawain is speaking up and telling Arthur that if anyone will do this that it will be him. Gawain shows a great deal of courage in accepting this challenge for the reason that no one else, aside from Arthur, would except the challenge. Gawain finds hospitality and shelter at the castle of Bercilak, unbeknownst to Gawain, the Green Knight. Bercilak made an agreement that whatever I win in the woods I will give you at eve, and all you have earned you must

Free Essays on The Role Of Humans

The way humans were created has always been something questioned in a person’s mind. The people who lived in the early civilizations came up with their interpretations of how life came to be. All the civilizations had a different take to the story, but they all expressed that gods created humans and their purpose was to serve the gods. The Hebrew origin story suggests that humans were the last to be created by God. Whenâ€Å" †¦the Lord God formed man of dust from the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life, and man became a living being.† (The Bible: Old Testament, 547). The story later said that God created the female from the male by taking one of his ribs when he slept (The Bible: Old Testament, 548). The Hebrew God created man in his own image (The Old Testament, 546) which meant that God thought very highly of man. The Hebrew’s God loves man; after all he did make him ruler of everything on land and in the sea in the air. If God was not pleased with his creation he would not have told man to be fruitful and multiply nor would he have called his creation good (The Bible Old Testament, 546-547). God created humans to watch over his creation. God also instructed humans to make more humans (The Bible: Old Testament, 547). In the Enuma Elish, Marduk was chosen to be king of the gods because he had the ability to make a cloth disappear and then reappear. Marduk defeated and killed Tiamat (the sea), then split her in two. He then created the world from her corpse. Then he created the hum race from the blood of Kingu the rebel god (Overview: The Enuma Elish). The Babylonian gods viewed humans as savages (The Enuma Elish, 158). Whose purpose was to serve so that the gods may be at ease. Man was also supposed to support their gods, tend to their sanctuaries without fail, improve the lands, and build the gods’ shrines. (Enuma Elish, 158) The Babylonian people were basically slaves to their gods, because they wer... Free Essays on The Role Of Humans Free Essays on The Role Of Humans The way humans were created has always been something questioned in a person’s mind. The people who lived in the early civilizations came up with their interpretations of how life came to be. All the civilizations had a different take to the story, but they all expressed that gods created humans and their purpose was to serve the gods. The Hebrew origin story suggests that humans were the last to be created by God. Whenâ€Å" †¦the Lord God formed man of dust from the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life, and man became a living being.† (The Bible: Old Testament, 547). The story later said that God created the female from the male by taking one of his ribs when he slept (The Bible: Old Testament, 548). The Hebrew God created man in his own image (The Old Testament, 546) which meant that God thought very highly of man. The Hebrew’s God loves man; after all he did make him ruler of everything on land and in the sea in the air. If God was not pleased with his creation he would not have told man to be fruitful and multiply nor would he have called his creation good (The Bible Old Testament, 546-547). God created humans to watch over his creation. God also instructed humans to make more humans (The Bible: Old Testament, 547). In the Enuma Elish, Marduk was chosen to be king of the gods because he had the ability to make a cloth disappear and then reappear. Marduk defeated and killed Tiamat (the sea), then split her in two. He then created the world from her corpse. Then he created the hum race from the blood of Kingu the rebel god (Overview: The Enuma Elish). The Babylonian gods viewed humans as savages (The Enuma Elish, 158). Whose purpose was to serve so that the gods may be at ease. Man was also supposed to support their gods, tend to their sanctuaries without fail, improve the lands, and build the gods’ shrines. (Enuma Elish, 158) The Babylonian people were basically slaves to their gods, because they wer...

Comparison and Contrast between Egyptian and Greek History Essay

Comparison and Contrast between Egyptian and Greek History - Essay Example   The social organizations and governments of ancient Greeks and Egyptians differed. Ancient Egypt was ruled by dynasties such as the Old Kingdom Dynasty while Greeks had an aristocratic form of government. Ancient Greece was divided into provinces called polis. The few rich landowners, who owned slaves ruled their territories. The more slaves a landowner had, the more powerful they were (Finlay).   The form of literature between these two was also different since Greeks introduced vowels to the alphabetic system. This formed the basis for the modern day English language. The Egyptians developed their own form of writing which used pictures and symbols to communicate.Greek were highly engaged in trade activities. This was favoured by their easy access to the Mediterranean Sea which made it easy for them to import and export goods. This also facilitated slave trade as well as fishing activities that formed a major part of their economy. The Egyptians had a different type of econom ic system which relied on supply function. Producers of different commodities would deliver their produce to the ruling administration and temples. These commodities would then be distributed to other citizens on a need basis.   Any surplus that was available after distribution would be supplied to neighbouring states in exchange of commodities that were not available in the exporting state. ComparisonsGreeks introduce vowels the alphabets. This formed the basis for modern-day English.  Ã‚  

Retailing Industry of UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Retailing Industry of UK - Essay Example This report is structured into four sections. Section two of the paper presents a brief overview of the UK retail sector, using some key players such as Tesco, J.Sainsbury, Morrison and Mark and Spencer. The third part of the report focuses on how the sector is affected by factors in the PESTLE framework. Part four of the paper provides an argument in support of how an understanding of these factors by a firm can create a competitive advantage. The section also provides a brief conclusion and recommendation. Like macroeconomic analysis the analysis of the industry is important because it enables the analyst to make abnormal profits arising from information asymmetry between the proper analyst and competitors who fail to carry out a proper analysis. Just as it is difficult for a firm to do well in a poor macroeconomic environment, so too is it difficult for a firm to perform well in a troubled industry. (Bodie et al, 2002). Similarly, as performance can vary across countries, so too does it vary across industries. (Bodie et al, 2002). This section examines the activities of key players in the UK retail sector. It focuses on the activities of some of the major players such as TESCO, Morison, J.Sainsbury and Mark and Spencer (Report 2008). Tesco PLC is an international retailer. ... (Bodie et al, 2002). Similarly, as performance can vary across countries, so too does it vary across industries. (Bodie et al, 2002). This section examines the activities of key players in the UK retail sector. It focuses on the activities of some of the major players such as TESCO, Morison, J.Sainsbury and Mark and Spencer (Report 2008). Tesco PLC is an international retailer. The principal activity of the Company is food retailing with over 2,000 stores in the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, Hungary, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Turkey, Thailand, South Korea, Taiwan, Malaysia, Japan and China. Tesco offers simple travel insurance, food retailing, Tesco personal finance, Telecom, and recycling facilities to the public. J Sainsbury Plc is a United Kingdom-based food retailer with interests in financial services. The Company is principally engaged in grocery and related retailing, and financial services (Report 2008). Wm Morrison Supermarkets PLC is engaged in the operation of retail supermarket stores and associated activities. Its business is mainly related to food and grocery. During the fiscal year ended February 4, 2007, it operated 368 Morrisons stores, with 10.5 million square feet of retail space. Through its stores, Wm Morrison Supermarkets PLC offers a range of goods, which include fresh foods, groceries, home and leisure products, beers, wines and spirits (Report 2008). 2.0 Growing Trend of the PESTLE framework and How its affects the UK Retail sector In business, environmental analysis is an appreciation of the activities of an organization in relation to its environment (Lin& Lee 2006). Such analysis

Business Law - Nike v. Kasky Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Law - Nike v. Kasky - Essay Example Kasky went on to say that this was a case of false advertising and that this clearly constituted commercial speech, this was important because the protection that is offered under the First Amendment offers protection to non commercial speech and does not in any way protect commercial speech. Nike’s response stated that the laws on false advertising did not cover the company’s expression of its views in respect of public issue and the fact that such views were clearly protected under the First Amendment as what had been said and done by Nike was non- commercial speech. The trial court agreed with the arguments of Nike and went on to say that such action was non-commercial speech and was therefore protected under the federal and state constitutions without leave to amend. The Plaintiff appealed to the Court of Appeal which in turn acknowledged the findings of the trial court and stated the same things that is what was important was the fact that the alleged false and misleading statements by Nike were commercial or non-commercial. This was so because it would determine the protection that was offered by the First Amendment. The court went on to reiterate the fact that these were non commercial speech and so protection under constitutional free speech provisions was provided. Thus the Court of Appeal granted the plaintiff’s petition for review. Thus the main issues that needed to be determined first were whether the speech that was made by Nike was commercial or non-commercial. This would be necessary because of the degree of protection provided as well as determination of false advertising. In the current scenario it is clear that the requirement that a person making such a statement gives it as a commercial speaker is satisfied, this is because the persons who gave such statements were in business. Furthermore, the main reason for giving such a statement was to protect

Social Work Law Problem Question

Social Work Law Problem Question Melanie, a social worker working for the social service department of the local authority, has just been assigned a possible child protection case as the nursery school attended by a child called Sophie aged 3, has alerted them about their concerns about her. The school are worried about Sophie as she has recently become withdrawn and has not been playing and interacting with the other children. She also comes to nursery sometimes looking rather unkempt and dirty and a couple of weeks ago when the children were discussing what they eat for breakfast, Sophie said she doesnt have breakfast. Sophie has not been at nursery for the past week. Melanie arranged to pay a visit to Vicky, Sophies mother and discovered the following by way of background. Sophies father is Darren who lives with them intermittently. Darren has been violent to Vicky when she was pregnant with Sophie and she obtained an injunction against him and they separated before Sophie was born. However, they resumed their relationship when Sophie was 6 months and since then Darren has lived either with Vicky and Sophie or he often stays with his mother when there has been an argument. Vicky seemed depressed and said there had been an incident at the weekend and Darren has gone back to his mothers. The house is dirty and Sophie is home is still home from nursery. Melanie notices how thin Sophie was and also that she had bruises on her right arm which Vicky says were as a result of a fall in the playground at nursery. Melanie arranged to pay Vicky a visit again the same time the following week and when she turned up no-one answered the door. She asked a neighbour passing by whether they had seen Vicky and/or Sophie. They replied they hadnt seen them for a few days but heard Vicky shouting and swearing at Sophie in the garden the other day. They said they saw Darren outside the house yesterday. Melanie is seeking your advice as to how the local authority could proceed next. Advise her as to the duties of the local authority in this situation, and what her legal options are, whether or not Vicky co-operates. Ensure that you provide Melanie with information not just on the measures that can be taken in the short term, but also, in the long term if necessary. Following a referral from the school, the local authority need to consider what harm Sophie may be facing and the appropriate solution needed. Clearly, concerns are expressed in the instant case as to whether Vicky and Darren are properly fulfilling their parent responsibility. Just as the Children Act 1989 imposes duties on parents, it also imposes duties on the local authority. The Children Act 1989 s47 requires the local authority to investigate cases where there is reasonable cause to suspect that the child or children concerned are suffering or are likely to suffer significant harm. The Act requires the local authority to act, wherever possible, in partnership with the parents of the children. Encouraging co-operation between parents and local authority and maintaining, wherever possible, the care of the child within the family are the guiding philosophies of the Act. Sophie satisfies the test for children in need, hence, the local authority has a statutory duty under the Childr en Act 1989 s17(10)(a) as It would appear that both Darren and Vicky seem unconcerned about the difficulties that their child is suffering; the issue is how to endorse Sophies welfare long term. There are two long-term child protection measures in the Children Act 1989, the care order (Children Act 1989 s33) and the supervision order (Children Act 1989 s35). It is suggested that the care order is the more appropriate order. As Sophies parents are not considerate, the more coercive powers of the care order, including the local authority gaining parental responsibility under Children Act 1989 s33(3) may be necessary. It seems working with the family by providing support would be ineffective and instead a more coercive approach might be necessary under Children Act 1989 Part IV to assist parents and children in need. This general duty to children in need requires the local authority to safeguard and promote the welfare of children. Sophie has not been attending school, she is physically thin and has been verbally and physically abused. In order to obtain a care order in respect of Sophie, the local authority will first have to satisfy the threshold criteria in the Children Act 1989 s31. These are that they are satisfied that the child, here Sophie, is suffering or is likely to suffer significant harm due to lack of parental care or to be being beyond parental control. This test does seem to be satisfied. Harm is defined in the Children Act 1989 s31(9) and it is clear from Re O (A Minor) (Care Order: Education: Procedure) (1992) that this can include truancy. Any application made under the Children Act 1989 will have the childs welfare as the paramount consideration s 1(1) and the court will be reluctant to intervene unless it can be shown that the making of an order is better than leaving things as they are s1(5). An education supervision order is made on application, usually to the Family Proceedings Court, wh ere the local education authority acts in consultation with the social services. The Children Act 1989 s36 requires children of compulsory school age to attend school or else an education supervision order may be made. Sophie is of compulsory school age and it does seem that she is not being properly educated according to her needs, age and ability, given the amount of time during which she is absent from school. Section 36(5) creates a presumption that a pupil at a school who is not attending regularly is not being properly educated. Thus, it would seem that it would be possible to show to the court that Sophie is not being properly educated. If the court was satisfied of this, it could appoint a supervising officer to ensure that the child attends school. This supervising officer takes responsibility for guiding and assisting both the child, Sophie, and her parents, Vicky and Darren, in understanding the importance of education and laying down certain guidelines to ensure that Sop hie does attend school. The order will usually last for one year but it can be extended or conversely it can be discharged on application by the child, Sophie, or her parents or, if all is going well, by the education authority. If, however, the supervision order does not succeed in getting Sophie to attend school, then the local authority may need to consider the more drastic step of seeking a care order. A care order is available under the Children Act 1989 s31 and is only available once the local authority has carried out preliminary investigations to see if any action is necessary to safeguard or promote Sophie, see, 47(1). Generally, the local authority must consult both Sophie and her parents but, if the case is an urgent one or consultation may prejudice Sophies welfare, the local authority may act without consultation. In any application for a care order, both Sophie and her parents must have notice and be made respondents to the application. Since Sophie is a child it is usually necessary to appoin t a childrens guardian to act to safeguard her interests. The childrens guardian will talk with Sophie and try to ascertain Sophies feelings and wishes in regard to the present position. Sophie is obviously entitled to be consulted and clearly her co-operation will be essential for the smooth running of any future plans concerning him. The statutory grounds for a care order are found in the Children Act 1989 s31. The Family Proceedings Court must be satisfied that the child is suffering or is likely to suffer significant harm. This does not require proof on the balance of probabilities that there will be harm in the future; it is enough to show a real, significant likelihood of harm see, Newham London Borough Council v AG 1993. Harm includes ill-treatment or impairment of health and development. In the present case, it does appear that Sophie is being ill-treated at home and her lack of attendance at school, and her parents apparent unconcern of the situation, do seem to indicate that maybe his health and development are being impaired. The second criterion under s 31 is that the harm or likelihood of harm is attributable to the care being given to the child or likely to be given to her if the order is not made, not being what it would be reasonable to expect a parent to give him, or secondly, the child being beyond parental control. This is an objective standard based on what a reasonable pa rent could or could not do, Lancashire County Council v A (2000). In Re O (A Minor) (Care Order) (1992) the persistent truancy of a child was deemed suitable for a care order to be made and this would be the case here. Since neither Darren nor Vicky is able to control Sophie to ensure that she attends school, or they do not particularly concern themselves over her attendance, this would show that it is not reasonable for them to behave in that way concerning the education of their 3-year-old daughter. Again, as with any Children Act 1989 order, the childs welfare is the paramount consideration see, s1(1) and, in order to determine what would be in Sophies best interest, the s1(3) checklist would be examined. The first consideration in the checklist would be the wishes of the child, Sophie. She is still a child and definitely at the age where the court would consider her wishes. However, this does not mean that she would be able to dictate to the court what she wished to do. Definitely, her disinclination to attend school would not result in the court deeming any care order unnecessary. In fact, her inability to behave maturely in respect of her education may indicate that her wishes will not carry a great deal of weight. The second criterion on the checklist is the childs physical, emotional and education needs. Clearly Sophie is in need of some guidance, and the fact that she is not attending school, she is a child who seems to be drifting through life. The apparent unconcern of her parents seems to indicate that something must be done for Sophie. However, whether this would necessarily require her to leave her home and be taken into the care of the local authority is another matter. Th e court may decide that a less draconian measure would be more suitable. If Sophie wishes to remain at home it may be that the shock of being threatened with removal will be enough to make her mend his ways. If the court is of the view that Sophie and her parents may be able to correct the defects with a little assistance from other persons, then maybe the education supervision order discussed earlier, or a supervision order, will be more appropriate. The supervision order under the s 31 criteria requires the threshold of harm in s 31 to be satisfied. However, the effect of a supervision order is very different. A supervision order does not vest parental responsibility in the local authority; instead, a supervising officer, either a local authority officer or a probation officer, is appointed to assist and befriend and advise the child and his parents ( s 35(1) ). The supervising officer will do what is necessary to ensure that the child is guided and that her welfare is promoted. U sually a supervision order lasts for one year but it can be extended up to three years by one application; to continue beyond the three-year period another application would be necessary. The supervising officer will try to give directions to Sophie: telling her to attend school; possibly also requiring her to participate in certain activities; and imposing obligations with the consent of Darren and Vicky to help them deal with Sophie and promote her welfare. In Oxfordshire County Council v L (1998) a supervision order was considered appropriate for six children. This was because the parents wanted to meet their obligations to their children, and with help from the local authority they were likely to be able to do so. Another issue is the verbal and physical abuse Sophie had. The incidents at school, the physical abuse and the verbal abuse at the garden, gives considerable cause for concern over Sophies health and well-being. Nevertheless, it is not clear that there is any actual abuse and the local authority should proceed with caution in this very delicate area. For now, regarding Sophie a case conference should be held in which the childs welfare and situation should be discussed. On the other hand, there is the concern that consultation with the parents and with Sophie may increase Sophies unease and could be detrimental by causing delay. Consequently, the local authority needs to act to get to the bottom of the problem and found out exactly what is concerning Sophie. If Sophie has been abused. One option would be to apply to the court for a child assessment order. Such an order is available to the local authority and will enable it to find out exactly what is going on in relation to the child. However, full notice must be given by the local authority to both the child and the childs parents and, at the hearing, the court must be satisfied that the local authority has reasonable cause to suspect that Sophie is suffering or is likely to suffer significant harm; that an assessment of Sophies health and development is required in order to establish whether or not she is suffering harm; and that it is unlikely that an assessment will be made or made satisfactorily without a child assessment order. In this case the school report of Sophies behaviour does give rise to concern that Sophies has suffered some kind of harm. Her responses do not seem to be those of the average child in such a situation, her personality, gives for concern. There is no need to show on the balance of probabilities that Sophie is likely to suffer significant harm, just that there is a real likelihood. Vicky and Darrens response is somewhat dismissive and it does not seem likely that the local authority will be able to assess Sophie without a child assessment order. Such an order, if made, will only last for seven days and it does not affect Vicky and Sophies parental responsibility. The local authority has no parental responsibility during the lifetime of this order; the order merely requires Vicky and Darren to produce Sophie so that she can be assessed. This may mean that Sophie continues to live at home although it is possible for her to be assessed as an in-patient in hospital. If Sophie is to remain in hospital, then contact will usually be allowed under s43 between Sophie and her parents. There is the possibility that a child of such an age may refuse to consent to the assessment. Clearly, Sophie is a disturbed and upset child, but hopefully, with pr oper explanation and reassurance, she will be happy to comply with the order. If the local authority is frustrated in its enforcement of the child assessment order or if concern exists that more immediate protection is required for Sophie, then an emergency protection order under s44 of the Act may be sought. The basis of such an application is, first, that the local authority may apply if it has reasonable cause to believe that Sophie is likely to suffer significant harm if either she is not removed to accommodation provided by the local authority or she does not then remain in the place where she is being accommodated. A further option open to the local authority is to apply under s 44(1)(b) on the basis that enquiries are being made with respect to the child and that those enquiries are being frustrated by access to Sophie being unreasonably refused by the parents and the applicant will also need to show that they have reasonable cause to believe that access to the child is requi red as a matter of urgency. The emergency protection order is a very draconian measure; it gives the local authority parental responsibility for the duration of the order (s 44(4) and the local authority can take such action as is reasonable to safeguard or promote Sophies welfare. The court will authorise the childs removal to local authority accommodation or it will order that the child remains in any hospital or other place where the child is being accommodated prior to the order being made. The court will consider whether contacat should be allowed between Sophie and her parents and also whatever medical and psychiatric assessment is necessary. Usually the child will have contact with her parents but if it is considered that this would be detrimental to her welfare then contact can be refused and this refusal cannot be challenged. An emergency protection order lasts for eight days ( s 45(1) ), although it can be extended once more for a further seven days s45(6) if the court has cause to believe that, if it is not extended, Sophie will suffer significant harm. The emergency protection order can be challenged by the child and her parents and anyone else having parental responsibility for her, after 72 hours have expired. However, a challenge is not possible if the parties were given notice of the hearing and were present at it s45(11). Since the emergency protection order is a very dramatic step to take, the court will consider long and hard whether it is in the childs b est interest for such an order to be made. Clearly, in this case there are concerns as to what is troubling Sophie and it would seem that the parents attitude is somewhat ambivalent, given the concerns expressed by the local authority. Whether this is sufficiently significant to give rise to the need for an emergency protection order is debatable. Concern has frequently been expressed at the hasty removal of children from their parents care by local authorities; therefore, it may be that the local authority would be best served by making an application for a child assessment order in the instant case, since the evidence of abuse is not sufficiently overwhelming to justify the application for the emergency protection order. An emergency protection order should only be sought if the child assessment order is being thwarted by Vicky and Darren. If either the child assessment order or the emergency protection order produces evidence that Sophie is in fact being abused, then the local au thority will need to consider more long-term measures. The appropriate measure to take would be the care order under s 31 of the Act. The local authority may apply for a care order if it can establish the threshold criteria in s 31. The local authority must first satisfy the court that Sophie is suffering or is likely to suffer significant harm and, secondly, that the harm or likelihood of harm is attributable to the care being given to Sophie or likely to be given to her if the order is not made, not being what it would be reasonable to expect a parent to give her; or that the child is beyond parental control. The evidence of Sophies distress at school and her change in personality, either under the child assessment order or emergency protection order, may substantiate the claim that Sophie is suffering significant harm. Harm under the Act means ill-treatment or impairment of health and development. Ill-treatment includes sexual abuse as well as physical and mental ill-treatment. I f Sophie has indeed been sexually abused by either or both of her parents, then the criterion of harm will be satisfied and clearly, if nothing is done, Sophie will continue to suffer this significant harm. It is also necessary to show that the harm is because of the care being given to the child by her parents. If the parents are responsible for the abuse or are failing to act to protect Sophie from it, then their actions are not those of the reasonable parent and the s 31 criteria will be established. Sophies welfare under s 1(1) of the Act is the crucial consideration and is paramount throughout. In cases of serious sexual abuse, it will be necessary to remove the child from the family environment so as to ensure that the abuse does not continue. The s 1(3) checklists must be applied and Sophies wishes must be ascertained. If she is being abused she will obviously have confused feelings about her parents and whether she wishes to remain with them or be removed into local authorit y care. This is not a case where the court can stand back and do nothing. The non-interventionist policy enshrined in s 1(5) of the Act will have to be put to one side as something needs to be done to ensure that Sophies well-being is safeguarded. Any care order that is made will last until Sophie is 18 unless it is discharged earlier either on application by the child, by her parents or by the local authority. Even though a care order is made, the local authority should consider the question of contact, especially in relation to the parents of the child. Usually contact will be allowed even though a parent may have abused the child. It will usually always be possible for the other innocent parent to see the child. Even the abuser may have limited supervised access to the child since it is often in the childs best interest for the relationship to be given the opportunity to be repaired. However, it is crucial to try to ensure that any abuse is not repeated. If Sophie is taken into c are by the local authority, the local authority has a duty under s 22 of the Act to promote the childs welfare and to consider Sophies wishes and those of her parents at all stages. The parental responsibility of Vikcy and Darren does not end on the making of the care order and the local authority will still try to keep them involved in the upbringing of their child where this is still in the childs best interest. The local authority will consult Sophie to see how she wishes her future to unfold and it will also consult her parents if possible. In making any decisions about the child, s 22(5) of the Act requires the local authority to take into account the wishes and feelings of the child and her parents, and also to take into account the childs religion, racial origin and cultural background. In conclusion, therefore, it can be seen that appropriate measures for the local authority are an education supervision order and, failing that, a care order or possibly a supervision order under s 31 of the Act, however, more stringent measures may be needed. First, an investigation by way of a child assessment order will be required or, in an emergency, an emergency prot ection order. If either of these measures discloses that Sophie is being abused then it will be necessary to make a care order under s 31 of the Act. In relation to both children any application must have their welfare as the paramount consideration, and consequently it will only be when the full facts are known about Sophie and Jack that the appropriate order can be sought.

Personal Goals :: essays research papers

When I think of graduating from college, I see someone who is 22-years old. When I was 22 years old, I had seen more things than I care to remember. I had just left the Air Force where I was a medic in the first Gulf War. I spent most of my time in the Labor and Delivery unit of the base hospital. I loved assisting with the birth of a child. My time spent in the Labor and Delivery unit was the most wonderful and rewarding experience. Before I left the Air Force, I started taking college courses working toward a bachelor’s degree in Nursing. My dream was to obtain a Master of Nursing degree in Midwifery. As a Certified Nurse Midwife I could care for pregnant women and help them bring their babies into this world. Complete My Degree When I left the military and returned to Austin, I continued to pursue a Nursing degree, but got side-tracked in college life. That would be the party side of college life. I was not focused on my studies. I began a rewarding career by chance. I sold long distance telephone service for MCI as a part-time job. Over a very short period of time I was being promoted again and again. Eventually, I gave up on college since it did not seem I needed a degree to get ahead. While I learned a great deal through on-the-job training, I never felt like I had a complete understanding of my field. I had stumbled into a career in Information Technology and despite my lack of formal training, I continued to prove myself and to grow my career. I have since learned that I enjoy the Information Technology field very much and would like to complete my degree in Business/Information Systems rather than nursing. Learn About Business and Information Technology Despite my progression to a senior level in my field, there are still aspects of my field that I do not fully understand. I have excelled as a Business Systems Analyst for many years; however, I hope to learn more about business to help me better understand the needs of my business partners. I also hope to learn more about the many facets of Information Technology so I can begin to move toward strategic solutions development. Feel Better About Myself I have always felt terrible about leaving college. I believe it was the right thing to do at the time since I was not taking it seriously but I have always regretted quitting.

The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Profits

Milton Friedman, â€Å"The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase Profits† In the article, â€Å"The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Profits,† Friedman states that â€Å"businessmen believe that they are defending free enterprise when they proclaim that business is not concerned merely with profit but also with promoting desirable social ends. † This social responsibility is defined as Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), which is the belief that â€Å"corporations owe a greater duty to their communities and stakeholders† by having a â€Å"social conscience. This, among other things, includes being environmentally responsible, contributing to non-profit organizations, and eliminating discrimination. Friedman argues that â€Å"only people can have responsibilities† but that â€Å"businesses as a whole† cannot, as they are not persons. Since the corporate executive is an employee of the shareholders, and therefore only â€Å"responsible to his employers. † The corporate executive has primary responsibility to his employers to conduct business as they see fit, and manage the business to create the most profit while following the â€Å"basic rules of the society†.It is then seen that the corporate executive is acting as a â€Å"public employee,† while serving shareholders and should be directed by those shareholders how to spend their money. However, Friedman acknowledges that managers of corporations, while serving shareholders, are also people in their own right and may have their own social responsibilities that do not always follow those of the owners of the corporation. In that case, if the manager chooses to act based on his own beliefs instead of the direction of the shareholders, he is not performing in the best interests of the shareholders and is â€Å"spending the customers' money. This has a direct financial impact to both customer and employees. This can lead to the managers’ termination as he has not performed as directed by the shareholders by not making as much money as possible. It is also discussed that because â€Å"society is a collection of individuals,† there are individuals that can coerce others to conform to certain social norms and while others may not agree, they can be overruled and then must conform. This then leads to a â€Å"political mechanism† which can regulate how corporations operate and dictate their â€Å"social responsibility,† which, in theory, would extend the cope of the political mechanism. Friedman believes that a political mechanism is not necessary to achieve social responsibility because in a free society, â€Å"there is one and only one social responsibility of business—to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits so long as it stays within the rules of the game, which is to say, engage in open and free competition without deception o r fraud. † One question that can be posed from Friedman’s article is whether shareholders should prioritize the responsibilities that managers have as their agents.While we can acknowledge that shareholders invest in a corporation to make a profit and that managers are hired to maximize those profits, it is the responsibility of the shareholders to provide guidelines to those managers and prioritize his/her responsibilities. While we can assume that the first priority of the shareholders would be to maximize profits for the corporation, subsequent priorities could fall within the guidelines of community outreach, exceeding legal obligations or being environmentally sensitive.If we presume that corporations elect to be â€Å"socially responsible,† we should expect shareholders to provide policies and procedures to their managers. Without these, what responsibility does the manager have outside of maximizing profits? As Friedman suggests, the manager could be compe lled to act on his own beliefs and moral obligations to his community, church or charitable organization. But, since these would be at his discretion, what check and balances would he have with the shareholders? Would he be using money otherwise returned back to the shareholders and supporting organizations that are opposed by the shareholders?Because corporations are established to profit and shareholders invest money with expectations of a greater return, managers cannot be given a directive to be â€Å"socially responsible† without providing specific criteria of checks and balances to which needs to adhere. Therefore, it is imperative to the success of a corporation for managers to not act solely but rather to act within the policies of the shareholders. What Friedman implies is that shareholders should only be concerned with maximizing profits and not be obligated to be â€Å"socially responsible. In that case, the manager would only have one priority, to maximize profit s. However, what if that manager determined that social endeavors is the best option to maximize profits? This would make the corporation socially responsible while still maintaining maximum profits. The argument presented by Friedman in this case is that while the manager is performing as expected by maximizing profits, this type of â€Å"social responsibility is frequently a cloak for actions that are justified on other grounds rather than a reason for those actions. This â€Å"cloak† refers to corporations acting socially responsible but for the sole purpose of making profits rather than performing such endeavors for the sole purpose of benefiting society. An example would be a solar company providing â€Å"free† electricity to a campus in exchange for use land to promote their environmentally aware product. However, what they don’t tell you is that the electricity is being sold back to the power company for a profit. The perception is that the company has a social conscience when in reality it is being done for profits.While I agree with Friedman’s assessment that managers, as employees of shareholders, are responsible for maximizing profits, I disagree that corporations should only comply with governmental policies and should not adopt policies to be socially responsible. At the time Friedman wrote this article, western democracies and communist countries of Europe were in the middle of the Cold War and the idea of a global economy was not as prevalent in society as it is today.Consumers in those countries leaned towards buying locally over buying foreign products. Since the end of the Cold War, consumers have changed purchased habits to buy products from companies, regardless of their country of origin if it were the best product. However, this led to the matter of public opinion towards corporations playing a larger role in how well they integrate themselves into a community or help preserve the environment is a factor in ho w consumers choose to purchase products.For instance, if a company is considered â€Å"green,† it is determined to the environmentally friendly. This would lead consumers who support environmental protection to lead towards purchasing products from that company. Therefore, I believe that corporations take into account public opinion when deciding on whether to enact â€Å"social responsible† measures and that these measures are above and beyond the minimum requirements established by governing agencies.I am also convinced that shareholders, more today than ever, budget funds to contribute to socially acceptable contributions and directing managers how to spend these. It is my opinion that due to public opinion and a global influence on corporations, that a successful free market cannot be judged solely by the financial gain of a corporation, but in conjunction with how these corporations influence positive changes in society.

Ethical Behavior Essays - Rodham Family, Lewinsky Scandal

Ethical Behavior Essays - Rodham Family, Lewinsky Scandal Ethical Behavior Is it fair to measure a politicians public worth by his/her sexual behavior? This a question which has been brought before me and requires an answer, or a position on which I stand, fair or unfair? Well, I think it is fair. After a two-year scandal involving President Bill Clinton and his sexual escapades with different women besides his wife, I cant help but see a direct comparison in this question. Using President Clinton works as an excellent example as to why I take the position I do. For obvious reasons a politicians public worth should not only be measured by his/her sexual behavior, but this should be an important consideration. Every time a new president is elected they are sworn in, they raise their right hand and swear to approximately 272 million people to uphold certain duties as president. Each time a president neglects to uphold one of these duties or if he/she is found to be committing a crime, a process is followed to decide whether or not the president should be impeached. If the act is found to be minor or not an impeachable offense, business continues as usual, but the dignity or public worth of this individual has to be questioned by the public, because as the employers of these poli ticians it is our duty. Now even though it might not seem relevant to use the president, or any politician being sworn in as a valid example, in comparison to marriage vows, I think it is valuable. Along with marriage comes a word called fidelity, this is usually touched upon at the ceremony or even before, this means to be faithful and loyal. When a person such as President Bill Clinton, or any politician professes his/her love and fidelity to his/her life partner, which is only one person, then without any regret, completely disregards those promises. How can a politician like this make a promise or swear to uphold certain duties to approximately 272 million strangers and be trusted? In my opinion that is the exact definition of public worth. Whatever goes on between consenting adults in private is nobodys business but their own, and that holds for sex as for anything else. Why should anybody even care whether Mary has fifteen lovers or none, whether Jack prefers sex with Bill to sex with Jane, or whether married couples like to swing with other married couples. Just because you personally disapprove of such things doesnt make them wrong. We all have the right to live our lives as we see fit as long as we dont interfere with the rights of others to live their lives as they see fit. Promiscuous people, homosexuals, and swingers dont tell you how to live your life. Dont tell them how to live theirs.(Olen & Barry pg.82) In essence I completely agree with this statement, but for a politician whose personal life is completely in the eye of the public especially when there is a scandal involving his/her sexual endeavors, this becomes a measurement of their public worth. These politicians are well aware of how their lives will be affected in the world of politics and this is something they must keep in mind when entering a situation that might compromise their worth to the public which elected them. I feel strong on my position and think if the economy wasnt doing as well as it is the Bill Clinton scandal would have been worse for him. Im not a political buff or analyst by any means but before the Bill Clinton sex scandal my opinion of his public worth and his principals were much greater than after the scandal. That might not be completely fair but it is my opinion.

Metabolic Process notes These are just notes for

Metabolic Process notes These are just notes for Chemical Basis of Life (1)Biology is the study of living organisms. In turn, organisms are chemical machines, i.e. organisms are composed of molecules, which are collections of smaller units called atoms. Therefore, we need to consider the chemistry of life or biochemistry.Chemical Bonding-electrons occupy various positions (distances) from the nucleus of an atom, known as energy levels.-as an electron moves further from the nucleus of an atom, its potential energy increases. Why? Energy is input to reduce its everyday attraction to the positively charged nucleus.-the outermost orbital or energy levels are termed the valence orbital; the valence electrons ** the chemical behaviour of an atom is determined by the number and arrangement of the valence electrons.The need for stability - there are a group of elements in the Periodic Table called the noble gases that are inert (non-reactive). Except for helium that has 2 valence electrons, all members of this group have 4 pairs or 8 valen ce electrons.First-ever high-resolution images of a molecule as...Chemical Basis of Life (2)Therefore 8 seems to be a 'magic' number i.e. the noble gases do not attempt to gain, lose, or share electrons with other atoms. All other elements attempt to gain, lose and share electrons to achieve the ability of the noble gases. These interactions are the cause of chemical reactions that will establish the chemical bonds between atoms.Types of Bonds1.Ionic- Atoms lose electrons to become positively charged ions called cations-atoms gain electrons to become negatively charged ions called anions.-an ionic bond forms between metal cations and non-metal anions; it is simply electrostatic attraction involving opposite charges.e.g. table salt - NaCl- Sodium has 1valence electron; if it loses this, it becomes stable, resulting as the cation Na+-Chlorine has 7 valence electrons; the addition...

Boost of Economic Prosperity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Boost of Economic Prosperity - Essay Example Every field demands effective decision making that enables the producers to conduct their business with the least amount of resources. It was Adam Smith’s theory of the â€Å"invisible hand† that facilitated the comprehension of the mechanics of a society in the simplest manner. The knowledge of economics not only benefits one professionally, it also helps to know the difference between right choices and wrong ones on a personal level. It facilitates the comprehension of the global ongoing activities in the economic sector and how everything affects the life of a common man. Specifically, the global depression has changed the world and has made the common man suffer due to few wrong choices by decision makers in the economic arena. I aspire to attain greater knowledge in the field of economics and acquire a Masters degree to comprehend economic activities to a greater extent and devise solutions to reduce the effect of wrong decisions. I shall be very grateful if you grant me the admission and help me pursue my dream of acquiring further education.

Marketing planning Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Marketing planning - Assignment Example In addition, there are approximately 20,000 garages and other service outlets, which involve in selling of new tyres as a segment of a broader service offering. The whole industry combined employs near about 16,000 people. The tyre retail sector is also engaged in the sales of replacement tyres. The value of sales amounts to about  £3.2 billion a year. Even though automobile tyre industry is an exuberant sector, which has witnessed an unprecedented growth over the past few years, concentration of internet retailers, often termed as e-retailers, remains quite small (3%). However, in the recent past, concentration of the same seems to be growing at a rapid rate with many players entering the already competitive market. With the scenarios presented above, it is quite clear that the competition that Guildford Tyres Co. Ltd. deals with is immense. They are tyre retail and automotive service specialist, who have been in service since 1967. It is a family owned and administered business, which has become the leading autonomous tyre specialist in the county of Surrey within the United Kingdom (Guildford Tyre Company,  2012a). The products sold by the company ranges from car tyres, 4x4 tyres,  van tyres, cycle tyres, motorcycle tyres, wheels, brakes, batteries to shock absorbers (Guildford Tyre Company,  2012b). The services offered by the company includes tyre fitting, mobile tyre fitting,  wheel alignment and servicing, puncture repairs, tyre wholesale and other associated services (Guildford Tyre Company,  2012c). The political landscape of the UK is established in the ethos democracy and steady framework of governance, which ensures a certain degree of uniformity in its policies. After the world wars, the UK established itself as a major global force, which was stimulated by a swift economic development. One of the major contributors of this development was the tyre industry and it continues to be the same in the contemporary society. UK’s strong trade

Analyze the implications of the 1st and 2nd Amendments to the U.S Essay

Analyze the implications of the 1st and 2nd Amendments to the U.S. Constitution - Essay Example The Bill of Rights is arguably the most crucial portion of the Constitution because it ensures that our system of majority rule will not degenerate into a system of mob rule. It is designed to protect the rights of the minority from an unfettered majority that might otherwise trample those rights. The protection of minority rights that is enshrined within the Bill of Rights facilitates an open political system in which dissent is tolerated under the law and informs the political process. In essence, protection of minority rights such as freedom to criticize the government and freedom of the press to openly report on government activities is the reason why the United States is able to have a legitimate political system marked by free and fair elections. If minority rights were squashed, it would lead to a governmental system more akin to communism, in which the majority party becomes the only legal party because they essentially outlaw the opposition. The First and Second Amendments t o the Constitution are critically important components of the scheme to protect minority rights in America. The First Amendment to the ... It is no accident that these three basic freedoms are outlined within the first of ten Amendments. It is likely that the Framers of the Constitution considered these to be the most important of all the rights that need to be protected from the will of the majority, in order to establish a truly open and free democratic republic. Among the many current issues that have arisen out of the First Amendment is the question of the extent to which the press has the right to protect its sources. The jailing us New York Times reporter Judith Miller for failing to reveal her source in the matter of the leak of the identity of CIA operative Valerie Plame raises the specter of the government's ability to chill press freedom to investigate and report on sensitive government matters. Ultimately, it was found that the interest of the state in prosecuting criminals and providing for national security trumps the right of reporters to refuse to disclose their sources. The implications of this finding are grave; and it remains to be seen whether investigative reporting in America will be severely weakened in the future as potential sources of information refuse to come forward for fear that the government might force disclosure of their identities. That result could end up depriving the public of important information they need to develop informed opinions about public matters. Another First Amendment issue that continues to be relevant is the doctrine of Separation of Church and State. The First Amendment guarantees that "Congress shall make no law respecting the Establishment of a religion," nor shall the government be allowed to prohibit free exercise of religion. In essence, the First Amendment guarantees that the government, in all its

To Kill a Mocking Bird Essay Example for Free

To Kill a Mocking Bird Essay Socialising is a very complicated process, for we often make unjustified assumptions that lead to misunderstandings or even worst, it might even cause the innocents to suffer. In To Kill a Mocking Bird, it was demonstrated a number of times, both in court and in every day life, often caused by peoples limited observations skills causing misjudgements; Jem and Scout made that mistake, thinking his dad is old and feeble and maybe useless but in reality he is actually a great shooter who doesnt like to boast about his talents. I truly admire the Atticuss personality, he was not thought highly by his town folks because he was humble and was not bind by the fashion in town. Harper Lee had uncovered the truth of human nature; because of Atticuss appearance and modesty, he was not justified fairly. Just like the old saying goes, Dont judge a book by its cover, sadly, this is a philosophy that many cannot achieve. Inessential factors including bias, appearance racial hatred and so for always get in the way of justification, twisting the fact into the justifiers favor and that is when injustice happen. In To Kill a Mockingbird, this had happened a number of time, even children had inherited this bad vile trait, including the main characters- Jem and Scout. In chapter 10, it was demonstrated when they were justifying Atticus on p.98: Our father didnt do anything. He worked in an office, not in a drugstore. Atticus did not drive a dump truck for the county, he was not the sheriff, he did not farm, work in a garage, or do anything that could possibly arouse the admiration of anyone. Besides that, he wore glasses. From the above description, we can tell that Jem and Scout were judging Atticus with their measures for an admirable person. They were counting what Atticus was not instead of what he could do, in addition, they didnt know Atticus well enough to be able to make a judgment about him and they refused to listen to what others have to say about Atticus, in this case, its Miss Maudi. Jem and Scout were affected by prejudice and judged Atticus only based on his appearance and their own measures. Jem and Scout always thought his father-Atticus was weak and feeble only because he was different from the rest of the fathers in town; he was not very active like the other fathers were due to his old age. Jem was never satisfied with Atticus, because to him, he was not a exciting father he could be proud of, until he discovered Atticus outstanding shooting skill. Jem and Scout always thought they knew everything about Atticus until that incident, Scout was quite young so she could not understand it, whiled Jem had finally understand Atticus wisdom of modesty and displayed his maturity by stopping Scout from bragging about Atticus in front of their friends and said this interesting quote. Atticus is a gentleman, just like me. (Chapter 10 p.109) Jem and Scout was always disappointed their father because Atticus is different from the others but his opinion for him had gradually changed as he matured, and as it did, he finally came to an understanding of the real values a gentleman should posses. Atticus was a model father for his children and a great educator; he had earning respects from his fellow town folks, the readers and gradually, his children. He had always been thought as weak and feeble by his own children, but it changed right after his children discovered his nick name One shot Finch, their perspective for him has immediately changed. We could not completely blame his children for misjudging him; Atticus had hid his talents well with to his humble personality. I truly admire Atticuss great personality: he was a true gentleman and showed great wisdom and humbleness. Even though his talent was discovered by his children, he still refused to brag about it, this was shown in shown in chapter 10 p. 108 when Mr. Tate spoke to Jem Whats the matter with you, boy, cant you talk? said Mr. Tate grinning at Didnt you know your daddys Hush, Heck, said Atticus.' Atticus even stopped others from praising him, plus he still chose to keep his principles after he just prevented his neighbors from being attacked by a mad dog. Atticus was a great model for Jem and he greatly contributed to Jems grown in maturity. To Kill a Mockingbird had a timeless topic; similar versions of this story had appeared again and again in human history, where innocents almost always suffer. Harper Lee had exposed the ugly truth of human nature and the fact that injustice exists in this society often caused by some peoples ignorance or selfishness. Jem and Scout started of misjudging Atticus and fortunately, it was all cleared up after the incident with Jem finally understood the values of a gentleman. Jem and Scout were lucky to have Atticus as a father, he was a great educator and he tried his hardest to make sure they are safe, safe from the weaknesses in human nature. To Kill a Mockingbird was a well-written narrative; it flawlessly uncovered a variety of human nature- the finest of humanity as well as ugly human natures.